الترجمة بين حقبتين: مراحل متشابهة وتقنيات مختلفة

(Translation between two eras: similar stages and different techniques)

Abstract

Translation began with pen and paper, and with the help of dictionaries. The translator often worked alone, then institutional work appeared within a system of translators, reviewers, terminologists, linguists, administrators, and specialists in the scientific field. Nowadays, machine translation systems have amazingly developed and texts are now transferred from one language to another automatically, as if they freely cross the barriers between languages.

This paper reviews the main features of the two eras that translation passed through; The era of translation with pen and paper, and the era of machine translation, and looks forward to prospects.